Big data describes information that is too large, fast, or diverse for traditional systems to handle. It’s usually explained using the three Vs: 

Volume – the scale of data. Think of millions of sales transactions, website clicks, or sensor readings generated every day. 

Velocity – the speed at which data arrives. For some businesses, decisions need to be made in seconds (fraud detection, customer actions online), while in others, data can be reviewed in daily or monthly batches. 

Variety – the different formats data comes in. Some is neatly structured in tables, some arrives in files or logs, and some is unstructured like videos, images, or social media posts. 

These characteristics mean organisations need different approaches to storage and processing. To learn about the difference, see our detailed guide on Data Lakehouse vs Data Warehouse: Choosing the Right Foundation for Your Data Strategy. 

How the data is processed also depends on the business question: 

Real-time streaming – when insights are needed immediately, such as spotting fraudulent transactions or monitoring connected devices. 

Batch processing – when data is analysed in groups, such as reviewing last month’s sales trends. 

A data warehouse is a centralised repository for structured, curated, and historical data. Its purpose is to support reporting and analytics. 

It provides: 

A single source of data across systems.
Up-to-date KPIs and reports for leadership.
Optimised queries for fast explorative analysis of structured datasets. 

Common platforms include Snowflake, Amazon Redshift, Google BigQuery, and Azure Synapse. Modern services like Databricks Lakehouse and Microsoft Fabric blur the lines, combining the best of a warehouse and a lake. 

While big data and data warehousing often work together, they serve distinct purposes within modern data strategies. 

Big data is about capturing and processing massive, fast, and varied datasets. 

Data warehousing is about structuring and organising data to make analytics simple and reliable. 

In the past, companies treated big data and data warehousing as separate technologies. Today, with cloud-based pay-as-you-go models, the distinction is fading. A business can run data warehousing workloads on big data engines, giving them the flexibility to process unstructured and semi-structured data alongside traditional reporting. 

This convergence means companies don’t need to shift technologies when moving from standard BI to large-scale data processing, creating a more agile and cost-efficient data strategy. 

In practice, businesses rarely pick one over the other. Instead, they design ecosystems where the two complement each other. 

  Data ingestion – raw data flows into a big data system or data lake. 

 Processing – batch or real-time transformations clean and enrich the data. 

  Integration – curated data moves into the warehouse for structured queries. 

  Analytics – BI tools and dashboards provide insights, supported by predictive models and AI. 

This combination means businesses can: 

Monitor live processes while still producing accurate monthly reports.
Run AI experiments without disrupting governance.
Keep costs manageable by storing raw data cheaply and only loading essential datasets into the warehouse. 

The pairing of big data and data warehousing delivers measurable benefits across both business and technical performance. 

Business benefits from: 

Faster decisions – up-to-date insights replace outdated reports.
Improved customer experience – personalisation through unified data.
Market agility – quicker response to demand shifts or anomalies.
Regulatory readiness – governed data ensures compliance reporting accuracy. 

Technical benefits are: 

Scalability – ability to handle both raw streams and structured queries.
Performance – frequently updated data in dashboards and in system, in seconds or minutes.
Cost control – cloud elasticity prevents overspending.
Flexibility – structured and unstructured data can coexist in a single ecosystem. 

Big data and data warehousing technology falls into five categories: 

The big data and data warehousing ecosystem is vast, but most solutions fall into a few key categories. Each category serves a different role in managing, processing, and analysing data at scale. 

1. Cloud Data Warehouses 

These platforms are purpose-built for storing and analysing structured data with high performance and scalability. 

• Examples: Snowflake, Amazon Redshift, Google BigQuery, Microsoft Azure Synapse 

2. Data Lakehouse Platforms 

Lakehouses combine the flexibility of data lakes (handling raw and semi-structured data) with the query power of data warehouses. They allow businesses to run BI and machine learning on a single platform. 

• Examples: Databricks Lakehouse, Microsoft Fabric, Apache Iceberg-based solutions 

3. Big Data Processing Engines 

These engines are designed to process massive datasets, either in real time (streaming) or in batch mode, often feeding curated data into a warehouse. 

• Examples: Apache Spark, Apache Flink, Apache Kafka (for streaming pipelines) 

3. Big Data Processing Engines 

These engines are designed to process massive datasets, either in real time (streaming) or in batch mode, often feeding curated data into a warehouse. They enable high-throughput ingestion, transformation, and analysis of data streams. 

• Examples: Apache Spark, Apache Flink, Apache Kafka (for streaming pipelines), Azure Event Hubs 

4. ETL/ELT and Data Integration Tools 

These tools manage the flow of data between systems, handling extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL/ELT). They ensure that data entering the warehouse is clean, consistent, and analytics ready. Modern tools now offer declarative pipelines and automation for scalability. 

• Examples: Fivetran, Talend, Informatica, dbt (data build tool), Databricks Lakeflows (formerly Delta Live Tables), Fabric Pipelines (formerly Azure Data Factory) 

5. Cloud-Native Storage and Compute Services 

Some businesses use raw storage and compute services as the foundation for their big data warehousing strategy, layering on analytics engines as needed. 

• Examples: Amazon S3 + Athena, Google Cloud Storage + BigQuery, Azure Data Lake Storage 

No single platform does everything. For most organisations, combination of elements from different platforms creates a fit-for-purpose stack. That’s why at Eunoia we hold strategic workshop – we help company design the most cost-effective architecture.  

The move from on-premises data warehouses to cloud-based architectures has reshaped how organizations manage and analyse data. While both approaches have their merits, the differences highlight why many businesses are embracing the cloud. 

Scalability 

Cloud data warehouses can scale up or down based on workload, with costs tied to actual usage. Traditional systems are fixed in capacity, requiring expensive hardware upgrades to grow. 

Cost model 

Cloud services use subscription or consumption-based pricing, keeping upfront investment low. On-premises solutions involve high capital expenditure for hardware, licences, and ongoing maintenance. 

Performance 

Cloud platforms optimise performance through distributed computing and auto-scaling. Traditional systems are limited by their physical infrastructure, and upgrades are slow to implement. 

Maintenance 

In the cloud, vendors manage patching, upgrades, and security, reducing pressure on internal IT teams. With on-premises, maintenance is entirely the organisation’s responsibility. 

Accessibility 

Cloud data warehouses are accessible from anywhere and support global teams. On-premises systems are restricted to the company’s network unless extended with additional tools like VPNs. 

Integration with big data 

Cloud platforms natively support semi-structured and unstructured data, as well as integration with data lakes. Traditional warehouses are primarily optimised for structured, relational data. 

Innovation and updates 

Cloud providers release new features frequently, including AI-driven optimisations. On-premises systems follow slower upgrade cycles tied to vendor releases. 

Security and compliance 

Cloud services include built-in encryption and compliance certifications, while on-premises systems offer full in-house control — something still preferred in highly regulated industries. 

Most businesses use SaaS or PaaS platforms, benefiting from heavy security investments by providers like AWS and Azure. These come with certifications such as GDPR, HIPAA, SOC 2, and ISO 27001. 

Still, organisations must apply their own technical controls: 

Encryption at rest and in transit.
Role-based access and row-level security.
Continuous monitoring and auditing.
Data masking and tokenisation for sensitive fields. 

Security is strongest when provider controls are matched with internal governance. 

Define your business goals, data maturity, and operational processes before making a choice. Here is a set of key questions that can help you: 

1. Real-Time vs Batch Analytics 

• Do you need real-time insights (e.g., fraud detection, operational monitoring) or are daily or hourly updates sufficient? 
• If real-time analytics is required, do you also have the business processes in place to act on alerts promptly, or would insights still sit idle until the next day? 

2. AI and Future Readiness 

• Do you plan to integrate AI and machine learning into your operations in the near future? 
• Some platforms are better suited to handle large, unstructured, and model-ready datasets. 

3. Budget and Cost Awareness 

• Do you understand how cloud pricing models work? Costs are based on compute, storage, and usage patterns. 
• Without a clear strategy, businesses risk unexpected costs if processes and workloads are not optimised. 

4. Current Pain Points and Visibility 

• Are you satisfied with yesterday’s reports, or do you need visibility down to the last hour or minute? 
• Clarifying the real business pain (timeliness, accuracy, or governance) ensures you don’t overspend on features you won’t use. 

5. Data Governance and Input Quality 

• Are you feeding your warehouse with clean, governed data from systems, or is your data estate built on Excel sheets without quality checks? 
• Without strong governance and validation processes, even the best warehouse will produce unreliable insights. 

6. User Adoption and Business Value 

• Do you have people in the organisation who will use the reports to drive decisions, or will they end up ignored after two weeks? 
• Adoption is critical. If the reports don’t shape strategy or operations, the investment in data warehousing will not deliver its full value. 

Key takeaway: 

The “right” data warehousing solution depends less on the brand name of the platform and more on your business needs, processes, governance, and readiness. The smartest approach is to match technology to your data maturity. 

If you want to diagnose data maturity of your organisation, here is a curated by our team data readiness assessment: Data Readiness Assessment. 

Big data and data warehousing are not competing technologies. They are complementary. Big data gives you scale and flexibility. Data warehousing delivers trusted and governed data. 

Together, they form the backbone of a modern data strategy, powering faster decisions, better customer experiences, and future readiness for AI-driven world. 

The organisations that invest in governance, adoption, and the right mix of platforms today will be the ones making smarter, quicker, and more confident decisions tomorrow. Get in touch.